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Equivalence partitioning is a test design technique that divides input domains into equivalent classes to reduce the number of test cases while maintaining coverage. Selecting representative values from each class minimizes redundancy and effort. It supports efficient functional and black‑box testing but requires careful class definition for complex inputs.
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Equivalence partitioning divides inputs into groups expected to produce the same behavior and selects representative test values from them.
The technique grew from the need to reduce the number of possible inputs systematically without overlooking behavioral differences. It is now an established black-box test design technique.
Divide the input space into classes: valid values, invalid values, and possibly further ranges. Test typical representatives from each class and add boundaries where behavior may change.
A class groups inputs expected to behave alike.
Valid and invalid ranges are distinguished deliberately.
A selected value stands for a class.
Class boundaries often require additional tests.
The technique reduces testing effort for fields and rules. It finds only defects exposed by chosen classes and values; boundary analysis and other techniques complement it.
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