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The modular monolith combines the flexibility of microservices with the simplicity of a monolithic design. It allows teams to develop and scale different modules independently without fully adopting the complexity of distributed systems.
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A modular monolith is a single-deployed application with clearly bounded modules whose internal dependencies and interfaces are deliberately designed.
The approach grew from the problem that a distributed system can impose operational complexity too early while an unstructured monolith blurs domain boundaries. Architecture practice around Monolith First and Domain-Driven Design developed it as an evolvable intermediate or target structure.
Imagine a building with independent apartments and one shared entrance: it operates as a whole, yet each apartment has its own responsibilities, rules, and limited doors to the others.
Modules encapsulate domain responsibility and communicate through explicit interfaces.
Modules are built, released, and usually scaled as one unit.
Good boundaries allow later extraction without making extraction mandatory.
A modular monolith combines simple delivery with structural decoupling. It can be a deliberate architecture or an evolutionary step; a shared database and process remain possible coupling points.
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