Coupling describes how strongly modules are interconnected, while cohesion refers to the internal consistency of a module. High cohesion and low coupling are desirable properties that enhance the maintainability and flexibility of software.
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What organizes, connects, or makes decisions possible.
Coupling describes dependencies between modules, while cohesion describes how closely a module's responsibilities belong together.
The terms come from structured software development and were established in software-design teaching by Yourdon and Constantine. They later became guiding criteria for modular and object-oriented architecture.
A good module is like a well-organized toolbox: its tools serve one related purpose, while the boxes connect through a few clear handles. Strong internal focus and limited external dependency make change easier.
The strength and number of dependencies between modules.
How closely a module's responsibilities belong together.
The interface through which a module communicates with others.
Together, the concepts help limit change propagation and clarify responsibilities. They do not automatically produce an optimal decomposition; domain boundaries and actual change patterns matter too.
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