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The TCP/IP model is a conceptual framework that defines a layered architecture for internetworking and communication protocols used across IP‑based systems. It abstracts network functions into four layers with clear responsibilities, guiding protocol design, interoperability, deployment and systematic troubleshooting across implementations and vendors.
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The TCP/IP model describes network communication as layers for link, internet, transport, and application.
The model grew out of ARPANET and Internet research by DARPA researchers, notably Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn. RFC 1122 later summarized Internet-host requirements and cooperation between layers.
Each layer offers a service to the one above and uses the one below. IP moves packets between networks; TCP provides a reliable connection when needed, while applications use their own protocols.
It addresses and routes packets between networks.
It connects applications and handles reliability or flow.
It contains protocols such as HTTP, DNS, and SMTP.
The model helps classify network faults, responsibilities, and protocol decisions. It supports analysis and operation of distributed systems.
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