The OSI model is a conceptual reference framework that divides network functions into seven distinct layers. It facilitates communication, troubleshooting and architectural decisions by defining responsibilities and interfaces between layers. Primarily a didactic and structural tool, it helps classify protocols and services across networking stacks.
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The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a reference model that divides network communication into seven logical layers.
ISO developed the model in the late 1970s and early 1980s to structure concepts for open, vendor-independent communication. It describes functions and interfaces; concrete Internet protocols such as TCP/IP do not fully follow its seven-layer split.
A message passes seven stations: application, presentation, session, transport, network, data link, and physical. Each station performs its role and hands a defined service to the next.
A layer groups related communication functions and hides their implementation.
On sending, each lower layer adds control information; on receipt, it removes it.
Shared functional concepts help separate and coordinate different network systems.
The OSI model provides shared language for architecture, protocol mapping, and troubleshooting. It is an analytical reference, not an exact blueprint for real networks; protocols may span layers.
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